The Importance Of Related Anxiety - 966 Words

Example 1: Implement a Practice New to Temple East Northeastern Hospital Chemotherapy Infusion Center- The Use of Psychoeducational Intervention of Progressive Relaxation to Help in the Prevention and Management of Cancer-related Anxiety Patients diagnosed with cancer experience anxiety for multiple reasons and at different stages of their illness. Anxiety occurs while awaiting the actual cancer diagnosis and continues throughout cancer treatment. Many patient’s anxieties stem from the fear of the progression of the disease and the reality of death. This added stress and anxiety can affect the patient’s daily life. All health care providers have the responsibility to assess and screen all patients for depression and anxiety. It is only†¦show more content†¦Progressive muscle relaxation was first developed by American physician Edmund Jacobson in 1938 and since then has been adapted and utilized by many different disciplines. Progressive relaxation is an intervention that integrates breathing techniques, along with alternating tensing and relaxing various muscle groups to assist a patient in managing anxiety (Jacobson, 1938). The sequencing of the relaxation techniques can start either at the h ead or at the feet and isolate one side of the body or focus on the body as a whole. The nurse can provide verbal guided imaging during the session, or a pre-recorded audio can be implemented (Chan, Richardson, Richardson, 2011). Results of the Questionnaire A qualitative study was performed using six oncology patients. Upon arrival to Dawn’s oncology department, each patient was given the GAD-7 questionnaire. According to the patient’s answer to the questions, the patient was categorized as having mild, moderate or severe anxiety. One patient had mild anxiety, four patients had moderate anxiety, and one patient had severe anxiety. Next, progressive relaxation techniques were provided to each patient. Finally, the GAD-7 questionnaire again was filled out by the patient according to their present state of anxiety and the results proved that the progressive relaxation intervention helped in the management of cancer-related anxiety. Five patients stated they felt extremely relaxed and no longer felt anxious. The patient who hadShow MoreRelatedRole Of Academic Self Efficiency On The Relation Between Task Importance And Test Anxiety1552 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Article Assignment Test Anxiety Role of academic self-efficiency in moderating the relation between task importance and test anxiety. Citation in APA Format: Nie, Y., Lau, S., Liau, A. K. (2011). Role of academic self-efficiency in moderationg the relation between task importance and test anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(6), 736-741. Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to provide information about potential ways to reduce test anxiety; whether academic self-efficiencyRead MoreDifferent Types Of Anxiety And Anxiety800 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribed anxiety as ‘an unpleasant emotion, which is characterised by vague but persistent feelings of apprehension and dread’ (Cashmoore, 2002). There are many different types of anxiety including state, trait, somatic and cognitive (Moran, 2004, pp. 72-75). State anxiety has been defined as ‘subjective, consciously perceived feelings of tension and apprehension’ (Spielberger, 1966, p. 17), whereas trait anxiety is an acquired behavioral tendency (Spielberger, 1966). Somatic anxiety relates toRead MoreAnxiety Disorder And Anxiety Disorders1224 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety is defined as a persistent fear that occurs in the absence of a threat. Anxiety and fear are typical human reactions that can be exaggerated. 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The United States After the First World War Essay - 608 Words

The United States After the First World War After the First World War Americans were in the mood to party because they had just won a horrible bloody war. Which made people not only want a better life but not worrying about such things as rent and food. America was like a giant melting pot they were still loads of immigrants flooding into America. Soon after the war America felt down on the rest of the world and thought they would clamp down on the immigrants coming in and they set up a floodgate. Which chucked out old and ineligible people of work and sent them back to there country. The roaring Twenties brought a better life to most ordinary Americans here is some of the ways in which it†¦show more content†¦Sometimes they were brought on hire purchase. The Roaring Twenties were also called the Jazz Age on of the things this age brought was Flappers. Flappers were young fashionable girls. They wore outrageous clothes of the dad short skirts along with haircuts that had been done in male barbers. Some of the things they done were smoked cigarettes in public, went out with men with no chaperones, went out for all night drives in cars and some of them even had sex before marriage. So young woman in the Jazz Age benefited from getting more freedom. The way that the mothers of these girls tried stopping them was to form the Anti Flirt League to protest their behaviour. The flappers being a sign of the time did not take one bit of notice. The womans role changed as they were having more fun and becoming more independent. Cars in America helped the industry boom as well due to the car industry used 20 % of Americas Steal, 80 % 75 of plate glass and 65 leather. In October 1919 a law was passed it stated the manufacture, sale or carriage of alcoholic liqueurs for beverage purposes in herby prohibited On the 16th of Jan the law was brought in. The anti salon groups were indeed set up because of crime and ill health caused by drinking. The most powerful was the anti salon group they issued pamphlets and advertisements and but pressure on politicians.Show MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast United States Foreign Policy After the First World War and After the Second World War. Consider the Periods 1919-1928 and 1945-1950.1973 Words   |  8 Pages 4/1/10 Compare and Contrast United States foreign policy after the First World War and after the Second World War. Consider the periods 1919-1928 and 1945-1950. United States foreign policy has always been characterized by a commitment to free trade, protection of American interests, and a concern for human rights. Our founding fathers, specifically George Washington, are responsible for much of the influence regarding foreign policy after their time period and up to the present dayRead MoreWorld War II : The Rise Of Communism1088 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War II was a tremendously impactful war which was fought during the forties. It had many turning points and great changes that turned not only the United States but the world. One of the first events that occurred was the rise of Communism. With the rise of communism it caused panic in the country of the United States. The panic was inevitable because anyone could be suspected of being a communist. 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At first the European countries represented a great power, new advances in new forms of trade, which emerged in Britain and later developed in the rest of the world, gave to Britain and Europe in general a place countries favoured over other economiesRead MoreThe Attack On Pearl Harbor Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesIt is well documented in United States history books that during the First World War, the United States had an isolationist and neutral stance towards the war in Europe. However, according to these texts, this all changed on February 24, 1917 when the United States received a decoded German telegram message from Britain. This message rea d that Germany requested Mexico to join their side and declare war on the United States if their northern neighbor joined the war against Germany. 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Giving a glimpse into the past we see that, because of the instability that had been created in Europe by the First World War during the years 1914 to 1918, the doors opened to another internation al conflict were involved around 30 countries worldwide. This conflict was one of the mostRead MoreEssay about The Korean War1610 Words   |  7 PagesThe Korean War began on June 25th, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea. On June 27th, 1950, American United Nations forces intervened to stop the advance. This action has positively and negatively affected both the United States and Korea. Deciding to aid South Korea in the Korean War has drastically changed the lives of many people. In 1949, China fell into Mao Zedong’s communist forces. More than 500 million Chinese and 220 million soviets lived under communist rule. Japan ruled KoreaRead MoreTrying out Weapons before World War II1063 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I introduced the American military to the modern industrial war. The conflict with Mexico in 1914 gave the U.S an opportunity to try new technology such as motorization and aircraft. However, this was strong a small conflict that did not translate to that of the First World War. The American military was not modern yet compared to other powers. The United States did not have great influence over the strategy among the allied forces. They relied on the allies for military equipmentRead MoreThe Cold War Between The United States And The Soviet Union1654 Words   |  7 Pagesamong historians is the origins of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR). The war began in 1947 right after the end of World War II and lasted until 1991. This war was more of a time period of competition among powers, than an actual war, which lasted 44 years. They faced problems of ideologies of free-market capitalistic America versing communistic Russia, geopolitics, and an economic struggle between two former World War II allies. Historians have long argued and taken

Janissaries and Chinese Eunuchs Free Essays

Eunuchs and Janissaries In the ancient world, both the east and the west , they had their special system. It depended on the culture of these countries and what they used to. For example, in ancient Chinese, the court was full of maids, princess, concubines and the queen. We will write a custom essay sample on Janissaries and Chinese Eunuchs or any similar topic only for you Order Now But there were plenty of works which was too dirty or too hard for maids to do. They needed men. Not only the high-blooded was super Important, but also they might Influence the power if they colluded with each others. The emperor certainly could not stand them. So he made a decision that castrating the eunuchs. Term hundreds of years, there were a good deal of eunuchs that tried to rebel, tried to rob or steal the power. Eventually emperor forbid eunuchs to ask anything about politics. It did work. Janissaries was also the salary group which worked for emperor. However, It recruited the children from 7 to 10 years old by devilries. They must be trained for more than 10 years and then they fight as the strongest and honesties army Instead of doing dirty and heavy work In court. The reason why they are the honesties people was not only the ten-year train but also the agreeable reward. It seems that every officers, provincial governors even the vizier, one of the powerful jobs chose their generation from Janissaries. Such a considerable bonus was great enough to make Janissaries do their best for their lord. However, the ages from 7 to 20 are supposed to be the most wonderful memory for each person. Disclaimers broke them and take back a bloody battleground. I can not stand it. Although eunuchs can not have fun with their dream lover, but that was their choices. They wanted to get a life without poor . Those were what they paid for. Janissaries can choose nothing. It was unfair. It was not humanistic. How to cite Janissaries and Chinese Eunuchs, Papers

People Work Employment for AIC Kijabe Hospital - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePeople Work Employment for AIC Kijabe Hospital. Answer: The family medicine is another department most crucial in assisting the members who have subscribed to the medical services. There are surgical services which are laid down in the surgical areas of residence and the thing following is fellowships. Sustainability initiatives entail the provision of the caring to the HIV/AIDS patients. The provision of the services is empowered by the excess capacity. There are partnerships which are expanded to incorporate the establishment of other the dental methods and the anesthesia services as well. The Identification of Sustainability Initiatives Kijabe hospital added inpatient wards to sustain the excess capacity in the regions; the facilities would assist in ensuring that the hospital is offering the services in line with the standards and the acts of medics. The operating theatre in to be increased in capacity and this will allow more capacity to patients in the aspect of meeting demands. In the late 1980, is the hospital situated in Kenya laid down the initiative of establishing a nursing school which will educate the individuals on matters pertaining to the treatment and handling of patients. The offering of medical internships to the new leavers and this is in line with the government to incorporate the initiative. Analysis and Evaluation of the Authenticity of Sustainability Initiatives The graduates from the medical training institutions are inducted in the internships programs. The initiative is guided and outline by the bodies of the doctors in the relation to the medical initiative that are developed in the year 2009. The underlying policy is that the student is enabling to graduate and become a reputable medical officer by undertaking a one year classic internship type of the program in the hospital. There is hospital that the individual attends is supposed to be aforementioned and thus it is supposed to be a government owned hospital. These district hospitals are located in each and every county in Kenya. The continuance of education is fostered by the clinicians who occupy the position of the consultant surgeons. (Abby, 2015) said about the Rati's Challenge Report 2007. There is an opportunity to proceed in the field of medicine. There are various specialties in the residency positions where the availability of positions. The training initiative in Kenya has proved to be applicable and utilize all the initiatives such as the surgical training in the Kenya emphasized in the academic study. There are reputable surgeons who are the result of the program and initiative and they have also been able to complete the surgical residency and also at the end entered the staff workforce, Contribution of Initiatives to Enhancing Positive Social Human Outcomes for Human Resources The application of the policy to implement the new initiative has enhanced the improvement of the maternal morbidity. The individuals who are allocated these regions are deemed to have worked in the various satellite clinics. There are use of resources has enhanced the increase in the number of referrals. (Newton, 2016) said Impact of parallel anesthesia and surgical provider training in sub-Saharan Africa. The resulting observable feature is that the obstetrics gynecology department has as well been able to benefit from the complex and the risk of the referrals to be summarized as one of the few hospitals. The resources that financing and the decisions come from the savings from the excess finance. The amount of money is USD 620,000 in the operation and it is by a unique way of compressing and tightening the bills and the expenditures and also the procurement. The operational expense has been witnessed to grow from the percentage of 18% from the $7.4 million to an amount of 8.7million . The uncounted revenue has been able to rise from an amount of USD 7.5 million to the USD 8.8 million. The cost accounting methodology has changed by employment of new accountant who is well equipped and skilled in this field. The hospital human resource management has hired a more administration staff to conduct the operations in an effective and efficient manner. The source of these funds at the kijabe district hospital is from the hiking of fees and charges to patients that have been increased. (Oparanya, 2009) said population housing census results. in: ministry of state for planning. The hospital afloat is able to be maintained by the utilization of the resources; however there is difficulty in that the simpler given case is not able to attain the demands and standards in terms of payment of the kijabe hospital. The revenue breakdown is as follows: in the year 2011 is 82% from the department of patient care and is injected into the hospital financial records. The amount of $8.8 million is emancipating from the department of the surgery. The missionary staff is allowed the tackling of the issues related to the hospital normal procedure. There are considerations from the human resource manager to first recruit the missionary medics as they will reduce the otherwise considered congestion (Luke, 2012) said Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. The NHIF cover has been able to cater for the treatment of most poor patients by paying a considerable amount of usd29 per each and every day. These funds are channeled to those patients who are hospitalized in the most intensive care units and the wards. The tremendous growth in the OT in the department of human resource has enhanced the improvement of surgical faculty. The funds that the government has set side to the ministry of health are transferred to the cabinet secretary and later other measures are instituted. The minister has enhanced the proper utilization of these funds by coming up with a committee to undertake the same finance management. There is cost of hiring the staff which is estimated to be 3.5 million. The workforce has increased due to the allocation of resources in Kijabe hospital. The personnel comprise of total number of 643 workers and the nurses are estimated to be 194. The number of doctors has been also been considered in the initiative to use the hospital resources appropriately. There are 32 trained physicians who are fellows of the United Nations welfare for the patients and citizens in Kenya. These people who have been inducted in the hospital are deemed to possess the expertise which has a wide range of the given medical and the referred sub-specialties. (Samuel, 2014) said the World Bank has enhanced keeping of data by country: Kenya. How Outcomes Might Differ for the Same Initiatives in a Different Business Context The above outcomes differ for the initiatives because of the capacity, for example Kijabe district hospital can host a certain number of patients which is hire unlike the smaller hospitals in the region. The resource allocation strategy might differ and this is witnessed in the scope of the undertaking of the financing decisions. The aspect of financing limitations in Kijabe hospital have been identified following the attention from one of the workers named Mary who is deemed to be aware of the initial funding process. The unpaid debt is the detrimental ad the limiting factor for not properly providing incentives and pay increase to the doctors and other medics. The debt is expected to increase whereas the revenue does not increase in the comparison the debt. The individual is well endowed with the decision to development of a hybrid method of paying. The outpatients would be grouped in their special category and be able to pay a certain premium for the convenience affordability because of the reduction in the time of waiting in the service queue. The premiums are able to be grouped and recycled or rather channeled back to the hospital. Use for the faith based organizations where they are allowed to stay in the business and thus become the necessary centers for the rich as stipulated by one of the medical dir ector. (Hansen, 2012).Vanderbilt International Surgery Elective Rotation The growth is relevant where the investment in the growth towards the professional development. This entails the opportunity for career development and training to produce best workforce ever. (Hilary, 2013) said government k. Kenya Vision 2030 is in line with the medical criteria The growing and continuous improvement is established and the departments that kept on growing and spreading medical ideas. The resources are incorporated for the purpose of continuance in education. The conferences and seminars are platforms for the growth and expertise. The participant of the scholarships program as mentioned are Muchendu who have plans to increase the hospital in the vision achieving. The management of the Kijabe hospital was subject to change following the training of one of its own. (Peter, 2015) said Kenyan National Bureau of Statistics. Kenya 2009 population and housing census highlights in Nairobi. Conclusion The pursing of masters program by one of the members is a good initiative to the mentorship program and widening of the learning. The high level of commitment by the client is another reason for success that we see today in the hospital. The money challenge had been overcome by making it the driving factor. The reduction of staff turnover is another remedy that Kijabe hospital is being addressing with the records showing that in the year 2008 it was around 14% and it decline to the 8% in 2012.The surgeons in the hospital department of the Anesthesiologists focused on the surgical activity of the continuing with the growth and the accommodation of the demand still not met. This contributed to the quality care of individuals and thus expansion resulted from this initiative. The expansion of the OT is a plan that is brought up by 10 management officials in the capacity of directors References Hilary, P. (2013). Government K. Kenya Vision 2030: Nairobi, k24 press. https://www.vision2030.go.ke/Accessed July 13, 2013. Nairobi, standard press. Peter, V. (2015). Kenyan National Bureau of Statistics. Kenya 2009 population and housing census highlights.Nairobi, Times press. Samuel, F. (2014). The World Bank. Data by country: Kenya. 2011; https://data.worldbank.org/country/kenya. Accessed May 24, 2010. Oparanya, W. (2009) Population Housing Census Results. In: Minstry of State for Planning NDaV, ed. Online2010. Nairobu Herman press. Luke, C. (2012). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008-09 June 2010: Kijabe, Lowman press. George, T. (2014). Global Burden of Disease Estimates by Country. World Health Organization Health Statistics and Health Information Systems https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html Accessed July 13, 2013. Marcus, R. (2013). Division of Health Management Information Systems. Annual Health Sector Statistics Report.Nairobi: Kenyan Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation; Kisumu, Nation media press. David, N. (2015). Kenyan Ministry of Health. Reversing the trends: the second national health sectorstrategic plan of Kenya NHSSP II 20052010: Nairobi Standard press. Abby W. (2015). Rati's Challenge Report 2007: Daisy's Eye Cancer Fund; 14 May, Nairobi, Citizen. Riviello E. (2013). Critical care in resource-poor settings:lessons learned and future directions. Crit Care Med. Apr 2011;39 (4):860-867. Newton M. (2016). Impact of parallel anesthesia and surgical provider training in subSaharan Africa: a model for a resource-poor setting. Journal of World J Surg. Mar 2010;34(3):445-452. Hansen E. (2012).Vanderbilt International Surgery Elective Rotation. 2013; Mombasa, Citizen press. https://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/root/vumc.php?site=GSRdoc=36094 Accessed July 1, 2013.

Research Paper on Talent Management Essay Example

Research Paper on Talent Management Essay Talent Management is the set of HR management tools that enable an organization to attract, effectively use and keep employees that make a significant contribution to the company development. The term talent management, which emerged in 1990, refers to the activities in the field of personnel management, aiming to involve employees in the innovation process, the formation of creative stimuli and the development of the creative potential of employees. David Watkins is considered as the author of the term, which he first used it in an article published in 1998, and further develop it in his book Talent Management Systems in 2004. However, the connection between the development of human resources and organizational effectiveness had been already recognized in 1970 ‘s. In the late 1990s, an international consulting firm McKinsey published a report entitled â€Å"The War for Talent†, which became the subject of discussion at corporate meetings. Directors of major companies, such as Procter Gamble, General Electric started thinking about how their companies are working with talents. In the late 1990s, the main tool to encourage employees were shares and options instead of cash. In many technologically advanced companies, such as Cisco Systems and Microsoft, as a result of such policy there were a great deal of employees millionaires, which started arguing about how company can keep financially independent young employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Talent Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Talent Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Talent Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By the end of the 2000s there had been two concepts of talent management: a set of HR processes (recruitment, assessment, training, retention, etc.), to bring and to keep in the organization efficient employee, which would be able to support the company in prosperous state; in the terms of this concept there is no clear distinction between talented and non-talented employees, the main idea is to stimulate the stuff high efficiency. processes of managing special (talented) people, whom, by definition, there cannot be enough; in the terms of this interpretation there is clear distinction between the talented employees and others, for the talented there exists a special technology of management and development. As we can see from these particular programs – the management of gifted and potentially important employees, as well as newcomers adaptation – Talent Management has evolved into a comprehensive approach, for which there are increasing interest from the side of various companies. It is very important to thoroughly investigate the history and evolving of the talent management before try to present your ideas on the subject. For your research proposals on the subject to be interesting and persuasive, you may want to look through free example research paper topics on Talent Management. They can be helpful not only for beginners, but also for experienced writers. They can present you last trends in scientific text writing and give you new ideas for your research projects. Are you looking for a top-notch custom written research paper on Talent Management topics? Is confidentiality as important to you as the high quality of the product? Try our writing service at EssayLib.com! We can offer you professional assistance at affordable rates. Our experienced PhD and Master’s writers are ready to take into account your smallest demands. We guarantee you 100% authenticity of your paper and assure you of dead on time delivery. Proceed with the order form: Please, feel free to visit us at EssayLib.com and learn more about our service!

Achieving Project Goals

Achieving Project Goals PAGE PAGE 7 Achieving Project GoalsAchieving Project GoalsHilda BrinasUniversity of PhoenixProject ManagementMGT 437Charles A. VallanceOctober 22, 2007Project management is becoming a skill necessary for all managers and specialists. Technology and competition has driven the use of project management to expand. Organizations feel the need to use project management whenever there is a need to achieve objectives that have scope, cost and time restraints. According to the Project Management Institute (2007), project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. The University of New England's website(2007) states that the project management skills are becoming a required core competency for growth and quality oriented organizations.A project is any series of activity and tasks which have a specific objective that has to be completed within certain specifications. The task must have a beginning date and a spe cific deadline and include a budget (Dilts, Pence, 2005).Monitoring and Control project activitiesThe task will include a companion of resources. The combination will consist of individuals and material objects. The activities and tasks must be multifunctional. The end result will be for several functions.Project management involves the planning, execution and follow-up of a project. The planning stages include defining the work requirements, defining the quantity of and quality of work expected to produce and defining the resources needed to complete the project.The execution of a project involves the implementation of the project with the resources obtained during the planning stages. During this stage the project is put into motion. The project monitoring is where the progress of the project is monitored. During this stage the actual outcome is compared to the outcome initially predicted. The impact of the project is then analyzed and the necessary adjustments, if...

Analyizing a Contract Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyizing a Contract - Research Paper Example The process stipulates about the offerings of the employers in terms of benefits, legislation and the contract also specifies regarding the entitlement of the employee as grants in terms of organizational policy, labor legislation and company benefits. Furthermore, the employment contract is also important to regulate the employee behaviors within the workplace because the organizational policies and regulations along with other disciplinary systems are the major parts of the employment contract. The employment contracts can be characterized into several types such as permanent employment, probation employment, fixed employment and project employment (SA Labour Guide, 2012). The job profile for which the employment contract has been prepared is personal assistant. The parties involved will be the employee seeking a job role as a personal assistant and the employer who is providing the specified job. This particular contract is being used in order to set forth the job related working conditions that would be provided by the employer to the employee for rendering employment. The selected employment contract does not involve any third party during the contractual process. Explanation of the Employment Contract Under the Governing Law The employment contract involves certain factors regarding the roles and the responsibilities that are mentioned by the employer in terms of providing employment. The employment contract within the United States considers administrative rules and legislations framework which are interpreted and practiced under the employment law of the country. The employment law of the country is entailed under the consideration of both federal and state government along with administrative guideline and judicial precedent (HG.Org, 2012). The various types of employment terms and conditions can be characterized in several norms. A few of those regulations are discussed below: Duties and Responsibilities The duties and the responsibilities can be cons idered among the fundamental factors, which denote the job or tasks and their detailed description. The factor significantly classifies the various roles of the employment including job description, disciplinary norms and nature of the designated position. Moreover, the employers are also authorized to carry out additional reasonable obligations as per the requirement of the enterprise. Salary According to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, the minimum wage of the employees should not be less than USD 7.25 per hour which has been amended and has been effective from July 24, 2009. In the similar context, it has also stated regarding the wage for the youth that it should not be less than USD 4.25 per hour through the first 90 days of employment under the employer (U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.). Probationary Period According to the contract of employment, the probationary period is generally conducted at the starting phase of the employment. The employer can sack the employ ee during this probationary period without any notice or caution letter. The employers also may often decide to lengthen the probationary period according to the performance or any other work related concerns. Moreover, the employment rights regarding monetary benefits and holidays are also not provided for

Environmental Issues of Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Issues of Canada - Essay Example Enveloped with a coastline of 202,080 kilometers, extensive wilderness areas, plentiful of minerals, energy, farmland, Canada is a trillion-dollar class affluent society (The World Factbook - Canada, 2009). The Canadian people take immense pride in their national heritage. The two common unifying Canadian values often reported are: multiculturalism and love of nature (Angus, 1997). David Suzuki observes that Canadian people value and take care of their country's natural wealth. In a major academic study at Simon Fraser University which used the data published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), shows how Canadian Government is failing their own citizens. Writing about Canadian Government, Suzuki states; "we are not living up to our own expectations, let alone the international vision of our great country. Without a clear sustainability plan, and a monitoring system to mark our progress, we risk falling further behind (in preface to Simon Fraser University report, 2005)." The Simon Fraser University (SFU) report gave environmental performance rankings to OECD countries based on average rank on 29 environmental indicators. Canada stood at rank 28 out of 30, with USA and Belgium standing poorer than Canada (2005). It is interesting to note that Canada showed no improvement in rank relative to OECD countries between 1992 and 2002. The report also highlights that Canada's worst performance is on environmental indicators related to: volatile organic compound emissions, carbon monoxide emissions, and generation of nuclear waste. The SFU report also mentions Canada's ranking in environmental performance form other studies such as, the University of Victoria report, 28th rank of 29 in 2001; the Conference Board, 9th rank of 24 in 2004; the Yale Environmental Index, 69th rank of 146 in 2005. Of course the OECD report referenced in SFU study has some glaring methodical failings. For example: Canada ranked 27th in forestry based on its annual per capita harvest of trees, whereas Iceland, which has virtually no trees, ranked first. If the rankings had been based on harvest per hectare of forested area, Canada would have ranked 6th rather than 27th. In pesticide use, Canada ranked 22nd based on its annual per capita consumption, but on a per hectare basis Canada would have ranked fourth. The point of contention is that whilst indicators have a guidance value, in themselves, they may not paint the 'perfect truth value.' As a matter of fact, there are different versions of truth. As Boyd points out, the World Economic Forum's Environmental Sustainability Index, aimed at measuring the long term environmental prospects ranks Canada fourth out of 142 nations (2003). In other words, the versions of truth vary depending upon assumptions made and perspectives of survey. The Canadian Government and industry, for instance, have another story to tell. They claim that Canada has adequate policies and practices in place that has improved Canada's track record as the environment conscience keeper. In particular, recent surveys

The Impact of British Colonization in India Essay

The Impact of British Colonization in India - Essay Example Traders were frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean. A key event providing the Company with the favour of Mughal emperor Jahangir was their victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612. Perhaps realizing the futility of waging trade wars in remote seas, the English decided to explore their options for gaining a foothold in mainland India, with official sanction of both countries, and requested the Crown to launch a diplomatic mission. In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was instructed by James I to visit the Mughal emperor Jahangir (who ruled over most of the subcontinent, along with Afghanistan). The purpose of this mission was to arrange for a commercial treaty which would give the Company exclusive rights to reside and build factories in Surat and other areas. In return, the Company offered to provide to the emperor goods and rarities from the European market. This mission was highly successful. The company, under such obvious patronage, soon managed to eclipse the Portuguese, who had established their bases in Goa and Bombay (which was later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza). It managed to create strongholds in Surat (where a factory was built in 1612), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668) and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the Company had 23 factories and 90 employees in India2. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and the Bombay Castle. In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal (and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade). The company's mainstay businesses were by now in cotton, silk, indigo, saltpeter and tea. All the while, it was making inroads into the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits. In 1711, the Company established a trading post in Canton (Guangzhou), China, to trade tea for silver3. In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609, and brought about minor changes in the holding of the Company. The status of the Company was further enhanced by the restoration of monarchy in England. By a series of five acts around 1670, King Charles II provisioned it with the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas. The Company, surrounded by trading competitors, other imperial powers, and sometimes hostile native rulers, experienced a growing need for protection. The freedom to manage its military affairs thus came as a welcome boon and the Company rapidly raised its own armed forces in the 1680s, mainly drawn from the indigenous local population. By 1689, the Company was arguably a "nation" in the Indian mainland, independently administering the vast presidencies of Bengal, Madras and Bombay and possessing a formidable and intimidating military strength. From 1698 the company was entitled to use the motto "Auspico Regis et Senatus Angliae" meaning, "Under the patronage of the King and Parliament of England"4. The efforts of the company in administering India emerged as a model for the civil service system in Britain, especially during the 19th century. Deprived of its trade monopoly in 1813, the company wound up as a trading enterprise. In 1858, the Company lost its administrative functions to the British government following the 1857 uprising

Behavioral Approach To Leadership Management Essay

Behavioral Approach To Leadership Management Essay The focal point of thuis chapter will be on theoretical developments made in leadership literature with the way of time by the advocates. Hence, the existing chapter will be divided into four major parts. In the first part, trait approach to leadership will be described. In the second part, behavioral approach to leadership will be discussed. Third part will be devoted to contingency approach to leadership. In last and fourth part, cutting-edge approach to leadership will be presented. Trait Leadership Theory: Leadership consists of leaders, followers and situations, but trait approach only focuses on leaders. Trait approach was one of the first systematic attempts to study leadership in which research started by focusing on leaders traits that differentiate between leaders and non-leaders. Trait theory assumes that people are born with inherited characteristics. In other words, leaders were born, not made and leadership is rooted in characteristics of leaders. This assumption that leaders are born not made was taken from Great Man Theory. The underlying concept of this theory was that leaders are from upper class. Great Man theory was named so because in those days, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality. Stogdill studied more than 124 studies conducted between 1904 and 1947. Stogdill (1948) stated that the aspect allied with leadership could be categorize under six broad directions: capacity (intelligence, alertness, originality and judgment); achievement (scholarship, knowledge); responsibility (reliability, inventiveness, determination assertiveness, self-assurance and the desire to excel); participation (activity, friendliness, teamwork, flexibility and absurdity); status (socioeconomic position and popularity) and situation (status, ability, wants and wellbeing of followers, objectives to be accomplished). Bryman (1993) also talk about the principle that there are distinct attributes that distinguish a leader from a non-leader, these being physical features (height); personality factors: (extroverted); and ability related characteristics: (speech fluency). Trait theory offers no explanation for relationship between individual characteristics and leaderships. This theory did not consider the impact of situational variables that moderate the relationship between leader traits and measures of effectiveness. As a result of lack of consistent findings, linking individual traits to leadership effectiveness, empirical studies of leaders traits were largely abandoned in 1950s. Behavioral approach to Leadership: In beginning of 1950s, focus of leadership research shifted away from leader traits to leaders behaviors. Purpose of this research was that the behavior exhibited by the leaders is more important than their physical, mental, emotional traits or internal state. Behavioral theories differentiate between effective leaders from ineffective leaders. Behavioral theories of leadership are based on the belief that great leaders are made, not born. According to this theory, people can learn to become leaders through training and observations, thus, anyone can become a leader if they want to. Leadership is composed of two general kinds of behaviors: task behavior and relationship behavior. Task behavior focus on goal accomplishment and help subordinates in achieving their behavior while relationship behavior help subordinates to feel comfortable at workplace. Central focus of this approach is to examine how leaders combine these two types of behavior in order to make subordinates to put their efforts to reach a goal. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the behavioral approach. Some of the first studies were conducted at Ohio State University in late 1940s. At the same time, another group of researchers at Michigan University were studying leadership functions. These studies sparked hundreds of other leadership studies and are still widely used. The Ohio Studies: Group of researchers at Ohio studies analyzed how a group of individuals acted when they were leading a group or organization. For this purpose, complete questionnaire about leader was developed on that questionnaire, subordinates had to identify the no. of times their leaders engaged in certain kind of behavior. Questionnaire was composed of 150 questions and was called the Leader Behavioral Description Questionnaire. (Hemphill and Coons, 1957). Questionnaire was distributed among military, manufacturing companies and educational institutes. The result showed that the certain clusters of behaviors were typically of leaders. Researchers found that respondents responses on the questionnaire clustered around two general types of leaders behavior: Initiating Structure and Consideration (Stogdill, 1974). Initiating Structure sometimes called task-oriented behavior, involves planning, organizing and coordinating the work of subordinates. Consideration involves showing concern for subordin ates, being supportive, recognizing subordinates accomplishments, and providing for subordinates welfare. Many studies have been conducted to determine which style of leadership is most effective in a particular situation. In some contexts, high consideration has been found to be most effective, but in other situations, high initiating structure has been found most effective. Some research has shown that being high on both behaviors is the best form of leadership. The University of Michigan (1961 1967): The Michigan leadership studies took place at about the same time as those at Ohio Studies. The focus of the Michigan studies was to determine the principles and methods of leadership that led to productivity and job satisfaction. The studies resulted in two general leadership behaviors or orientations: an employee orientation and production orientation (Likert). Leaders with an employee orientation showed genuine concern for interpersonal relations, while those with a production orientation focused on the task or technical aspects of the job. The supporters proposed that the more the leader is employee oriented, the lesser hell be production oriented and vice versa. He suggested that employee oriented approach results in the most positive outcomes. The Managerial Grid: The behavioral dimensions from early behavioral leadership studies provided the basis for the development of a two dimensional grid for appraising leadership style. One concept based largely on behavioral approach to leadership effectiveness was the Managerial (or Leadership Grid) development by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton (1964). The Grid helps to explain how leaders help organizations to reach their purposes through two factors: concern for production and concern for people. It closely parallels the idea and findings that emerged in the Ohio State and University of Michigan Studies. Concern for production refers to how a leader is concerned with achieving organizational tasks. Concern for people refers to how a leader attends to the people in the organization who are trying to achieve its goals. In grid, concern for production has been placed on horizontal axis and leaders concern for people has been placed on vertical axis. Leaders behavior was ranked on a scale of 1 (Low) to 9(h igh). The grid has 81 potential categories into which a leaders behavioral style might fall, emphasis was placed on five: authority compliance (9,1), country club management(1,9), impoverished management (1,1), middle of the road management(5,5), and team management(9,9).Researchers concluded that managers performed best when using a team management(9,9) style. It promotes a high degree of participation and team work in the organization a satisfied a basic need in employees to be involved and committed to their work. Team management approach cannot be affective in all situations. So leaders have to adapt their style according to followers ability. The assumption of the leader behavior was that there were certain behaviors that would be universally affective for leaders. Unfortunately, empirical research has not demonstrated consistent relationship between leaders behavior and leader effectiveness. The failure to attain a consistent relationship led to a new focus on situational influences. Like trait research, leader behavior research did not consider situational influences that might moderate the relationship between leader behavior and leaders effectiveness. Situational Leadership Theory: As the name of approach implies, situational leadership focuses on leadership in different situations. The premise of the theory is that different situations demand different kind of leadership. From this perspective, to be an effective leader requires that a person adapts his or her style to the demands of different situations. Contingencies theories gained prominence in 1960s and 1970s. Few of the situational leadership theories are discussed in next section. The Fiedler Model (1967): Fred Fiedler was the one who gave the first comprehensive contingency model. It specifies how situational factors interact with leaders traits and behaviors to influence leadership effectiveness. This theory proposed that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leaders style of interacting with his or her followers and the degree to which the situation allowed the leader to control and influence. The theory suggests that the constructivity of the situation determine the effectiveness of task and person oriented leader behavior. Constructivity is determined by three things: leader follower relationship, task structures and the position power. Situation is constructive when followers respect and trust the leader, the task is highly structured and leader has control over rewards and punishments. To measure leaders style, Fiedler developed Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Questionnaire. In questionnaire researcher used 16 pairs of contrasting adjectives like hardworking-not hardworking, friendly-unfriendly. Leaders were asked to think of a coworker with whom they had tough time and rate them on bipolar scale ranging from 1 to 8(8 describes positive adjective while 1 describes negative adjective out of the pair). Fiedler believed that you could determine a persons basic leadership style on the basis of the responses to the LPC questionnaire. Fiedler concluded that high LPC score shows that leader is people/relationship oriented while low LPC score means that leader is task oriented. Fiedler research indicated that leaders were more effective either in highly favorable situation or highly unfavorable situation while relationship oriented leaders perform better in moderate situations. Fiedler contingency has been criticized on both conceptual and methodological grounds. There was no discussion on the practicality of LPC and it is probably unrealistic to assume that a person cannot change his style in order to fit the situation. This theory does not take into consideration all situational factors. Despite its shortcomings, empirical research has supported many of specific propositions of the theory, the Fiedler model provided evidence that effective leadership style needed to reflect situational factors. Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership Theory (1969 1977): In contrast to Fiedlers contingency leadership model and its underlying assumption that leadership style is hard to change (trait theory). The Hersey Blanchard situational leadership model suggests that successful leaders do adjust their style (behavioral approach). Secondly, Fiedler define situation covering three dimensions namely leader-follower relationship, task structure and position power while Hersey and Blanchard defined situation as a function of followers maturity/task related maturity of subordinates. Followers maturity is indicated by followers readiness to perform in a given situation. Readiness is largely based on two major factors-follower ability and follower confidence. Situational leadership theory uses the same two leadership dimensions that Fiedler identified: task and relationship behavior. However, Hersey and Blanchard go a step further by considering each as either high or low and then by combining them into four specific leadership styles. The two-by-two matr ix shown below indicates the four possible leadership styles. High Participating Styles Share Ideas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Followers able, unwilling, not confident Selling Style Explain Decisions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Followers unable, willing, confident Delegating Style Turnover decisions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Followers able, willing, confident Telling Style Give instructions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Followers unable, unwilling, not confident Low High Hersy Blanchard model map each leadership style to each maturity level, as shown below. Maturity Level Appropriate Leadership Style M1: Low Maturity S1: Telling/Directing M2: Medium Maturity, limited skills S2: Selling/ Coaching M3: Medium maturity, higher skills but lacking confidence S3: Participating/Supporting M4: High Maturity S4: Delegating To use this model, reflect on the maturity of individuals within team. The table shows which leadership style Hersey and Blanchard consider the most effective for people with that level of maturity. Unlike many other leadership theories, this approach does not have empirical research findings to justify and support the underpinning on which it stands. As a result, there is ambiguity regarding how the approach conceptualizes certain aspects of leadership. It does not explain how subordinates move from low development levels to high development level nor is it clears in explaining how commitment changes over time for subordinates. Also, the model does not clearly define how to match leader behavior from one situation to another (Draft 1999). Vroom and Jago 2007investigated that overwhelming focus of this theory was on one situational variable (the maturity of followers) and thus other important contextual characteristics within which interactions take place are ignored. According to assumption of model, followers maturity is taken as independent variable while task related leaders behavior is taken as dependent variable. However, it remains one of the better-known contingency theo ries of leadership and offers important insights into the interaction between subordinates ability and leadership style. Path-Goal Theory: Path-goal theory first appeared in the leadership literature in early 1970s in work of Evan (1970) and House (1971). Path-goal theory emphasized the relationship between leaders style and characteristics of the subordinates and work-setting. This theory was based on expectancy theory (Vroom 1964), which suggests that subordinates will be motivated if they think they are capable of performing their work (path instrumentality), if they believe their efforts will result in certain outcomes (expectancy) and if they believe that the reward for doing their work are worthwhile (valence). In this perspective, leaders behavior is dependent upon subordinates needs, desires and task characteristics. Therefore, path goal theory is designated to explain how leaders can help subordinates along the path to their goals by selecting specific behaviors that are best suited to subordinate needs and to situations in which subordinates are working. By choosing appropriate style, leaders can give rise specific motives related to task through rewards in order to achieve goals. House (1971) identifies four leaders behavior. These are achievement oriented, directive, participative and supportive. Leaders behaviors are contingent to the environment factors and followers characteristics. In contrast to Fiedlers view, a leader could not change his or her behavior, but House assumes that leaders are flexible. In other words, path goal theory assumes that same leader can display any or all of these leadership styles depending upon the situation. Path-goal theory proposes two classes of situational or contingency variables that moderate the leader -behavior outcome relationship: environmental/task characteristics that are outside the control of followers (e.g. task design, formal system of authority)- these have a major impact on the way a leaders behavior influence followers level of motivation. Second is subordinates/followers characteristics (e.g. locus of control, experience) these determine how a leaders behavior is interrupted by subordinates in a particula r work context (Northouse, 2007). Environmental contingency factors Task Design Primary Workgroup Formal System of Authority Leaders Behavior Outcomes Directive Performance Supportive Job satisfaction Participative Achievement Oriented Subordinates Contingence Factors Perceived level of task obtained Locus of Control Need for affiliation Authoritarianism Experience The theory proposes that leaders behavior will be ineffective when its redundant with sources of environmental structure or incongruent with follower characteristics. When followers needs are there, there is desire for leader intervention. Moreover, he described certain situations in which leaders interventions have positive impact and in which negative influence. It has been investigated that employee performance and satisfaction is likely to be positively influenced when the leader compensates for shortcomings in either the employee or in the work setting. However, if the leader spends time in explaining tasks that are routine tasks and are clear or when the employees has the ability and experience to handle them without leaders intervention, the employee is likely to see such directive behavior as redundant or even insulting. Based on these theoretical reasons, one can easily conclude that leaders intervention is dependent upon work settings. In some work settings leaders intervention is highly valued while in others have no value or even considered as negative. Later on, this notion became base for evolution of substitutes for leadership and followers need for leadership.

Addressing Safety in Home Care Essay -- Health Care, Registered Nurses

A universal aspiration for all Registered Nurses (RN) and workplace environments is to create a safe atmosphere for both the client and employees. The RN has an obligation to ensure, â€Å"a culture of safety by using established occupational health and safety practices, and other safety measures to protect client, self and colleagues from injury or potentially abusive situations† (Saskatchewan Registered Nurses’ Association, 2007, p. 11). This competency guides RN’s to provide and advocate safe practice environments. Thus, the issue this paper will discuss is Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S). The population being focused on is home care, which is, â€Å"care provided to patients in their homes to restore their functional capacity, to allow them to manage their care independently, and to enable them to remain safely in the community† (Panasci, 2009, p.190). The writer received consent from the Home Support Team Manager from the Prince Albert Park land Health Region (PAPHR) who will be referred to as O.S. By conducting an interview in conjunction with O.S, the writer gained insight into the manager’s role, challenges, and ensuring OH&S practices. For the all-inclusive interview refer to Appendix A. This paper will depict the essence of OH&S, the manager and writer’s approaches and strategies to resolving the challenges. Management Challenge The challenge that was the focus of the interview was OH&S in a home care environment and the difficulties associated with the implementation of minimizing occupational hazards. OH&S prevents and protects employees from workplace hazards (Chadwick & Doyle, 2008). The six types of health and safety hazards are biological, chemical, ergonomic, physical, psychosocial, and safety (Chadwick &... ...hem and if they decide not to use them, the manager could give a verbal warning for the first incident and for the second incident, give a written warning. The manager could also use this tactic with rock salt or kitty litter (Fox, 2011). Conclusion The goal of maintaining a safe environment for both the workers and clients in home care is key. This goal is a constant issue in home care; with the most significant hazards indentified are violence and environmental hazards that were addressed. O.S’s management philosophy was par with what literature was explaining. The writer explains how having a constant evaluatory tool may help with maintaining a safe environment for both client and staff. Most importantly, one of the nursing values and ethical responsibilities is, â€Å"providing safe, compassionate, competent and ethical care† (Code of Ethics, 2008, p. 8).